Удосконалення технології приймально-відпускних операцій та зберігання зерна на зернових терміналах
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2021-04-20
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ОНАХТ
Анотація
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук (доктора філософії) за спеціальністю 05.18.02 «Технологія зернових, бобових, круп'яних продуктів і комбікормів, олійних і луб'яних культур» (181 - Харчові технології).
Дисертація присвячена удосконалення технології приймально-відпускних операцій та зберігання зерна на зернових терміналах, що дозволить підвищити якість та ефективність відвантаження суднових партій зерна за вимогами контрактів на зернових терміналах.
У дисертації розглянуто сучасний стан, проблеми та перспективи розвитку зернових терміналів, встановлено кількісно-якісні характеристики зерна, що надходить на зернові термінали автомобільним транспортом та залізницею, досліджено формування зернових мас з автомобільних і залізничних партій у силосах великого діаметру та визначено ефективність використання місткості силосів, досліджено температурні характеристики зерна при його накопиченні та зберіганні у силосах великого діаметру. Встановлено закономірності динаміки приймання зернових мас автомобільним та залізничним транспортом, проведено хронометраж окремих етапів надходження зерна та визначено коефіцієнти нерівномірності його надходження. Дослідити кількісно-якісні характеристики зерна та суден, визначити тривалість окремих етапів, фактичну продуктивність відвантаження зерна на водний транспорт, та однорідність суднових партій за показниками якості. На основі графоаналітичного моделювання зовнішньої і внутрішньої роботи зернових терміналів визначено коефіцієнти інтенсивного і екстенсивного використання основних норій. Удосконалено технологію приймально-відпускних операцій, зберігання та формування суднових партій зерна на перевантажувальних зернових терміналах та рекомендації з її застосування у виробничих умовах. Визначити економічну ефективність впровадження результатів роботи.
Dissertation for the Candidate of Technical Sciences degree (PhD) in specialty 05.18.02 "Technology of cereals, legumes, animal feed and industrial crops" (181 — Food technologies). The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of the technology of receiving and selling operations and storage of grain at grain terminals, which will improve the quality and efficiency of grain shiploads according to the requirements of contracts at grain terminals. Recently, modern grain terminals have been built and are being built in Ukrainian ports for receiving, accumulating, forming export consignments of grain and shipping. However, little attention is paid to the issues of improving the technological processes of grain terminals, The regularities of grain delivery dynamics have also been insufficiently studied, there are no actual values of the duration of the individual stages of grain acceptance from various types of transport and the coefficients of uneven grain flow. There are certain problems with the formation of the optimal composition and ensuring the uniformity of grain heavy shiploads. The dissertation presents the results of grain flow characteristics research by road in 2012-2018. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain supplied by road and rail have been established. The ratio of the volumes of grain taken from vehicles and from the railway is shown. The features of the placement of grain masses in large metal silos are considered, the uneven distribution of moisture and trash in the layers of grain during filling and unloading of silos is shown. The dynamics of changes in the temperature of grain during storage in a silo, in which it was stored for a long period, has been investigated. The influence of various factors on the grain temperature was confirmed - the location of the silos relative to the cardinal points, the proximity of the grain to the walls of the silos and the roof, the time of day, and others. It has been shown that the best time for measuring the temperature of grain in a silo is 7 or 20 hours, which give a weighted average grain temperature closer to the real one. The results of studies of grain masses flow dynamics by road and rail transport are presented. The periods of grain supply by road transport, daily average and maximum volumes of grain supply, as well as actual values of the coefficients of daily irregularity of grain supply by road transport have been determined. For grain terminals, the concept of the coefficient of monthly irregularity of grain flow by road has been introduced. For 2018, this coefficient based on data from Ukrelevatorprom LLC was 1,73. Its use in the calculations of grain acceptance lines from vehicles will contribute to a more accurate justification of the performance of the transport equipment of grain terminals. The timing of unloading of cars was carried out, its longest stages were revealed and the ways of their reduction were shown. The results of studies of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain delivery to water transport are presented. The analysis of the distribution of the shares of clean deadweight vessels and the ratio of the grain transported by them. It is shown that the smallest amount of grain was transported by vessels with a net deadweight of up to 15 thousand tons, and the optimal deadweight is 30-45 thousand tons, since the volume of grain exported by them is the largest. The results of the timing of loading ships with the help of a mobile ship-loading machine are described, the actual time of loading the ships and the actual productivity of the lines for delivering grain to ships are determined. It is shown that vessels of small, medium and large deadweight use the loading machine efficiently, despite the downtime associated with moving it from hold to hold when loading and leveling grains. It was found that when supplying grain to ships of large and small carrying capacity, the actual productivity of the distribution line, excluding the downtime of transport mechanisms, was about 500 t / h, which is significantly lower than the passport capacity (12001 /h). The highest productivity of grain delivery lines (more than 700 t / h) was achieved for medium-tonnage vessels (53 thousand tons). Optimal composition of a ship export consignment of wheat grain weighing 35 thousand tons and its shipment at the grain terminal of LLC Ukrelevatorprom are presented. The article describes the results of the working patterns analysis of the movement of grain and waste of grain terminals of LLC "Ukrelevatorprom" and LLC Ilyichevsk Grain Terminal” The results of calculations and estimates of economic efficiency from the production of work results in the production process are presented. It is shown that the return on investment for the modernization (increase in productivity) of the grain shipping line for water transport will pay off by 20% in less than 3 years. Experimental verification of quality indicators of the export batch of wheat grain of the optimal composition in the volume of 40 thousand tons, which was formed at Ukrelevatorprom LLC. It confirmed compliance with the requirements of the contract for its quality, which provided a profit of 3312.3 thousand grivnas (UAH). The appendices show the chronological and deadweight characteristics of ships when delivering grain in 2013-2014, calculating the technical and economic indicators of LLC Ukrelevatorprom when increasing the productivity of lines for delivering grain to water transport, recommendations for improving receiving and leaving operations and storage of grain at grain terminals, as well as acts of implementation of the results of work in the educational process and production.
Dissertation for the Candidate of Technical Sciences degree (PhD) in specialty 05.18.02 "Technology of cereals, legumes, animal feed and industrial crops" (181 — Food technologies). The dissertation is devoted to the improvement of the technology of receiving and selling operations and storage of grain at grain terminals, which will improve the quality and efficiency of grain shiploads according to the requirements of contracts at grain terminals. Recently, modern grain terminals have been built and are being built in Ukrainian ports for receiving, accumulating, forming export consignments of grain and shipping. However, little attention is paid to the issues of improving the technological processes of grain terminals, The regularities of grain delivery dynamics have also been insufficiently studied, there are no actual values of the duration of the individual stages of grain acceptance from various types of transport and the coefficients of uneven grain flow. There are certain problems with the formation of the optimal composition and ensuring the uniformity of grain heavy shiploads. The dissertation presents the results of grain flow characteristics research by road in 2012-2018. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain supplied by road and rail have been established. The ratio of the volumes of grain taken from vehicles and from the railway is shown. The features of the placement of grain masses in large metal silos are considered, the uneven distribution of moisture and trash in the layers of grain during filling and unloading of silos is shown. The dynamics of changes in the temperature of grain during storage in a silo, in which it was stored for a long period, has been investigated. The influence of various factors on the grain temperature was confirmed - the location of the silos relative to the cardinal points, the proximity of the grain to the walls of the silos and the roof, the time of day, and others. It has been shown that the best time for measuring the temperature of grain in a silo is 7 or 20 hours, which give a weighted average grain temperature closer to the real one. The results of studies of grain masses flow dynamics by road and rail transport are presented. The periods of grain supply by road transport, daily average and maximum volumes of grain supply, as well as actual values of the coefficients of daily irregularity of grain supply by road transport have been determined. For grain terminals, the concept of the coefficient of monthly irregularity of grain flow by road has been introduced. For 2018, this coefficient based on data from Ukrelevatorprom LLC was 1,73. Its use in the calculations of grain acceptance lines from vehicles will contribute to a more accurate justification of the performance of the transport equipment of grain terminals. The timing of unloading of cars was carried out, its longest stages were revealed and the ways of their reduction were shown. The results of studies of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grain delivery to water transport are presented. The analysis of the distribution of the shares of clean deadweight vessels and the ratio of the grain transported by them. It is shown that the smallest amount of grain was transported by vessels with a net deadweight of up to 15 thousand tons, and the optimal deadweight is 30-45 thousand tons, since the volume of grain exported by them is the largest. The results of the timing of loading ships with the help of a mobile ship-loading machine are described, the actual time of loading the ships and the actual productivity of the lines for delivering grain to ships are determined. It is shown that vessels of small, medium and large deadweight use the loading machine efficiently, despite the downtime associated with moving it from hold to hold when loading and leveling grains. It was found that when supplying grain to ships of large and small carrying capacity, the actual productivity of the distribution line, excluding the downtime of transport mechanisms, was about 500 t / h, which is significantly lower than the passport capacity (12001 /h). The highest productivity of grain delivery lines (more than 700 t / h) was achieved for medium-tonnage vessels (53 thousand tons). Optimal composition of a ship export consignment of wheat grain weighing 35 thousand tons and its shipment at the grain terminal of LLC Ukrelevatorprom are presented. The article describes the results of the working patterns analysis of the movement of grain and waste of grain terminals of LLC "Ukrelevatorprom" and LLC Ilyichevsk Grain Terminal” The results of calculations and estimates of economic efficiency from the production of work results in the production process are presented. It is shown that the return on investment for the modernization (increase in productivity) of the grain shipping line for water transport will pay off by 20% in less than 3 years. Experimental verification of quality indicators of the export batch of wheat grain of the optimal composition in the volume of 40 thousand tons, which was formed at Ukrelevatorprom LLC. It confirmed compliance with the requirements of the contract for its quality, which provided a profit of 3312.3 thousand grivnas (UAH). The appendices show the chronological and deadweight characteristics of ships when delivering grain in 2013-2014, calculating the technical and economic indicators of LLC Ukrelevatorprom when increasing the productivity of lines for delivering grain to water transport, recommendations for improving receiving and leaving operations and storage of grain at grain terminals, as well as acts of implementation of the results of work in the educational process and production.
Опис
Шпак, В. М. Удосконалення технології приймально-відпускних операцій та зберігання зерна на зернових терміналах : автореф. дис. ... канд. техн. наук : спец. 05.18.02 "Технологія зернових, бобових, круп`яних продуктів і комбікормів, олійних і луб`яних культур" : захищена 20.04.21 / Шпак Віталій Миколайович ; наук. кер. Г. М. Станкевич ; Одес. нац. акад. харч. технологій. — Одеса : ОНАХТ, 2021. — 24 с.
Ключові слова
зерно, зернові термінали, приймально-відпускні операції, зберігання зерна, якість зерна, формування партій зерна, відвантаження зерна, grain, grain terminals, acceptance and release operations, grain storage, grain quality, formation of grain consignments, grain shipment