Зернові продукти і комбікорми (Grain products and mixed fodder`s)

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https://card-file.ontu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6246

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AGGREGATED COMPLEXES FOR RICE GRAIN PROCESSING
(2020) V. Petrov, A. Zhdanov, R. Mazej
The paper considers various designs of aggregated complexes for the processing of rice grain. Their technological schemes were built and analyzed, and a breakdown into modules was performed. This allowed us to group the various designs of units and summarize their technological capabilities. The general reduced technological scheme of rice grain processing is considered. The noted variations are as far as practical applications with and without a grain cleaning module. Various schemes of hulling of grain and selection of hulled grain from unlulled are presented. The technological schemes with various hulling machines are analyzed (the Engleberg hulling machine, with rubberized rolls, centrifugal action), which have their own characteristics. The differences in the use of paddy machines and trimers for sorting grain after hulling are considered. The cylindrical trieurs used to select the rice kernel have an original technological scheme (company Yanmar). This allows you to simplify technological communications and make the unit more compact. The units use more compact paddy machines (reduced size, number of tiers, etc.), which, of course, affects their performance. The most common combined machine with a single-pass technological scheme (which was named after the first inventor and manufacturer, a hulling machine from Satake) is considered. In addition to laboratory equipment, centrifugal hulling machines are used in grain processing units, which gives additional advantages (a more compact scheme, due to the combination of several technological operations, hulling, transporting the grain stream, and air separation. For the majority of broken and unbroken grains sieve separators are used for simple circuits. Separators with vertical rotation axis, that allows to transport the rice to a predetermined height. This makes it possible to link this separator, for example with electronic scales.
ANALYSIS OF THE POULTRY MEAT MARKET AND JUSTIFICATION OF EXPANDING ITS RANGE
(2023) A. Makarynska, N. Vorona
Based on marketing research, it has been proven that a third of consumers in the world prefer poultry meat. It is established that the investment attractiveness of the poultry business, the construction of modern large poultry farms and the creation of powerful vertically integrated companies are due to the speed of return on capital investments and the high profitability of the industry. In order to determine the position of Ukraine on the world market, the rating of 45 countries by the level of consumption and production of poultry meat in 2021 was summarized. The traditional leaders in the production and consumption of meat products are the USA, Brazil and China. Ukraine ranks 21st in terms of production and 23rd in consumption of poultry meat. Most countries have a hortage of meat products and can be potential buyers of Ukrainian meat. Ukraine has all the opportunities and prospects for expanding the export of its own products. It is justified that duck farming is one of the modern dynamic areas of poultry farming and a competitive type of agribusiness, as evidenced by its dynamic development. The perspective and dynamism of this poultry farming area is determined by the high fertility and precociousness of poultry. Duck meat markets are not monopolized by large industrial players, which makes it possible to diversify business and avoid excessive competitive pressure. Export opportunities of niche meat producers to EU countries are significantly inferior in terms of volumes to traditional chicken meat, but this market is distinguished by its ability to pay. Ukraine is one of the largest producers of duck meat in Europe. On a global scale, the duck market is 5% of the chicken market. The low level of duck meat production in the world (except Asia) is explained by the seasonality of consumption. The priority task of the development of duck farming in Ukraine is the protection of the domestic market and the development of the export of products to world markets. Industrial production of duck meat in Ukraine should focus on export to Asian and European countries, where this product is in greater demand than at home. It is established that with proper organization the business of raising ducks is economically feasible and practically waste-free. The main products of production are meat, eggs, down and feathers, droppings and duck liver.
ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF FLOUR FROM DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF A FLOUR MILL
(2019) D. ZHYGYNOV, V. KOVALOVA, A. DRAGOMYR, H. ZHYHUNOVA, К. ZHANABAYEVA
Research in the article is aimed to determining the quality of flour from different systems of the technological process of a wheat milling. Samples of flour were obtained at the mill "Rivne Boroshno". Private enterprise "Rivne Boroshno" is one of the largest producers of wheat flour in the western region with a capacity of 180 tons /day. Flour obtained from various systems of milling process, has a very large variety of quality indicators. Whiteness, Gluten Deformation Index, Gluten Content, Protein Content, Ash Content, Water Absorbing Capacity, FN, SD, the rheological properties of dough on the Mixolab device, as well as the quality of baked bread have been evaluated.During the study, the variability of flour quality indicators on various systems was found. Whiteness varied – from 1 to 71 units, Gluten Deformation Index – from 40 to 100 units, Gluten Content – from 2 to 36 %, Protein Content – from 9,8 to 18,2 %, the FN – from 275 to 374 s, SD – from 15 to 30,3 UCD, Ash Content – from 0,31 to 2,23 %, Water Absorbing Capacity – from 53,5 to69,7 %. In the process of grinding grain and intermediate products, more than twenty flour streams of different quality are producedat the flour mill. From these streams it is required to receive only one or several grades of flour. Naturally, if only one variety is produced, then all flows from different systems are sent to it. The weighted average quality indicators of flour should comply with the requirements of the standard for this grade in terms of Ash Content, Gluten Content, etc.The maximum Ash Content is observed in the streams from the last reduction systems, as well as from break systems in the milling process, where products with a large number of brans are milled. At the same time, the flour from the central parts of the endosperm is slightly less gluten, but more starch than in the flour from the peripheral parts of the endosperm, which are grinding on subsequent reduction systems. For the research, samples of flour were taken from each system of the technological process. For convenience, we have arranged them for quality using the indicator of whiteness. One of the main indicators of the quality of flour, which determines its grade, is whiteness. In the studied samples, the values of the whiteness index range from 71 to 1 unit.
APPLICATION OF GRANULATION TECHNOLOGY IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
(2017) B. V. YEGOROV, N. O. BATIEVSKAYA
APPLICATION OF PROCESSING PRODUCTS OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL IN MARSHMALLOW PRODUCTION
(2022) L Gordiienko, V Tolstykh, S Pavlovsky
The article examines the main trends in obtaining new types of confectionery products with a balanced composition and functional properties, the production of which is based on the use of a product of plant raw materials processing - carob. Studies on increasing the nutritional value and reducing the energy intensity of marshmallow-type whipped products with the use of carob and the sugar substitute isomalt are given. Information on the functional properties of carob, the effect of the roasting process on its quality indicators, and the possibility of using carob in the production of confectionery products to expand the range of raw ingredients and increase their nutritional value were considered. A comparative description of the nutritional and energy value of medium-roasted carob and cocoa powder is given. The article examines the influence of the product of the processing of plant raw materials of carob on the nature of the formation of the structure of marshmallow masses of reduced energy content, and their main structural-mechanical, physico-chemical and organoleptic indicators are determined. Based on the determination of the structural and mechanical properties of marshmallow masses, such as critical shear stress, degree of general deformation and density of the mass, it is proposed to reduce the duration of their whipping by increasing the rate of structure formation of the mass when using carob powder, so the complete replacement of cocoa powder with carob leads to an increase critical shear stress by 51.83 Pa and an increase in mass density by 171 kg/m3 compared to the control sample. As a result of a complex of conducted studies of physico-chemical and organoleptic quality indicators, the expediency of using the product of the processing of plant raw materials of carob in reduced-energy marshmallow products with 75% isomalt has been proven, it is recommended to completely replace cocoa powder with carob at the stage of whipping the mass. The calculated nutritional and energy value of the new marshmallow products showed a decrease in the total content of fats and carbohydrates in the developed products, an increase in the content of vegetable dietary fibers by 28% and a decrease in the energy value by 55.65 kcal. Enrichment of marshmallow products with minerals, in particular calcium, sodium and vitamins B6 and E, was noted.
ASPECT OF MINIMIZATION AREAS OF «HUMAN FACTOR» IN LABOR SAFETY
(2019) A. BOCHKOVSKYI, N. SAPOZHNIKOVA
The article analyzes well-known semantic interpretations of the term "human factor" in the context of the evolutionary development of the safety component in "man-machine-environment" systems. It has been ascertained that single, recognized by law term "human factor" still does not exists, but the majority of researchers attribute this phenomenon to the human psycho-physiological reaction to changes in the environment. It is noted that this approach is erroneous because the manifestations of "human factor" at the individual level of each person should be considered in the context of the features of its three main components - biological, social and informational. The trends of the evolutionary development of the technosphere and the analysis of statistical data on occupational accidents, as well as industrial breakdowns and disasters, prove the need to introduce positive changes at the level of the "human factor" components. First of all, it concerns the information component, as the development of technologies over the past decade is far ahead of the level of training in the field of occupational safety, which does not allow maintaining the required level of occupational safety and labor culture in the conditions of a new range of previously unknown hazardous and harmful production factors. It was emphasized that necessary positive changes in the components of the "human factor" should be implemented as a part of the concept of sustainable humanity development, which provides for the development of three interrelated areas: economic, social and spiritual growth of society. Thus, basic directions that will minimize the negative effects of the "human factor" within functioning of the future complex systems "man machine-environment", are to increase the level of motivation for safe human behavior at production facilities and to form safety priorities over economic outcomes of enterprise’s activity. The possibility to implement such directions directly depends on the implementation of the relevant reforms in the system of secondary, vocational and higher education, as well as occupational safety and industrial safety regulatory framework in Ukraine.
ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF HOMOGENEITY OF PET FOOD USING FERROMAGNETIC MICROTRACERS
(2020) T. Sakhno, А. Semenov, N. Barashkov
Obtaining highly homogeneous mixtures is an urgent task in many areas of feed production, as it is associated with the need for even distribution of particularly important and valuable components. Manufacturers of animal feed are using several different methods for performing homogeneity studies to check their mixer performance. This paper is devoted to the use of nontraditional markers such as ferromagnetic Microtracers to evaluate the homogeneity of the final feed. Microtracers have successfully been used in a mixer testing program in the USA since 1985 and in Europe since 2006. They represent a major improvement over traditional analytical procedures for evaluation of mixer performance involving the use of cobalt or manganese salts. The authors described the quantitative results of determination and identification of Microtracers in two sets of 20 samples of pet food manufactured by Kormotech LLC with using a proprietary Rotary Detector procedure developed by Micro-Tracers Inc (San Francisco, California). It was shown that analysis of 150 g samples at level of Microtracer addition of 20 g per metric ton of pet food allowed a magnetic retrieval of the number of ferromagnetic particles from 61 to 101 which was sufficient for application of Poisson and Chi-squared statistics. The obtained results from two tests performed with different time of mixing were interpreted in accordance with the requirements of the GMP + BA2 standard. It was determined that mixing within 3 min leads to the marginal mixing with the calculated probability value of 1.12%. The prolonged mixing within 4 min leads to complete mixing with the calculated probability value of 5.93%. The use of ferromagnetic Microtracers in a mixer testing program is justified for such tasks as comparison of mixers with each other, as well as identifying the changes in the technical characteristics of the mixers and their performance occurring during their exploitation. In addition, using microtracers can quickly determine the quality of the mixing equipment when it is purchased.
ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-PROTEIN QUALITY FEED ADDITIVES FROM BY-PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE OF SUNFLOWER OIL
(2023) B. Iegorov, O. Kananykhina, T. Turpurova
The article states that until 2022, Ukraine will occupy the first place in the world food market in the production of sunflower, sunflower oil and export of sunflower oil. The production of sunflower has always been sufficiently profitable, and the products of its processing competitive on the domestic and world markets. They are also an important component of food and feed protein resources. The production of complete ration compound feed for farm animals and poultry is restrained by a shortage of protein components, a low level of sanitary and hygienic safety of protein raw materials of animal origin. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of feed, their costs and, as it should be, a shortage of livestock products. Cake and meal are high-protein raw materials, which are obtained in the amount of 1/3 of the mass of processed seeds during the production of sunflower oil. The fodder value of sunflower cake and meal is given. Factors that negatively affect the nutritional value and availability of nutrients of sunflower meal in the feed of farm animals and poultry were analyzed. The choice of components for the production of high-protein feed additive is theoretically justified. The indicators of the quality of sunflower seeds and by-products of their processing, which meet the requirements of DSTU, have been determined. On the basis of theoretical and experimental data, a structural scheme for the production of a high-protein feed supplement based on sunflower cake and meal is proposed, which involves the preliminary preparation of the by-products of sunflower oil production - cake and meal, with the following dosage in the amount: 75% sunflower meal, 10% sunflower cake and 15% limestone flour. The physical properties and microbiological indicators of the quality of a highprotein feed additive were experimentally determined, and it was determined that, compared to a loose, granular high-protein feed additive, it has the following advantages: increased nutritional value, has a greater volumetric weight, sanitary quality, which leads to saving space during transportation and better storage.
ASSESSMENT OF THE NEEDS AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF PREMIXES, PROTEIN AND VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS AND MIXED FODDER’S
(2021) N. Basiurkina, B. Iegorov, A. Makarynska
The article presents statistics on the number of pigs and poultry in Ukraine and Odessa region for 1990-2019 and the results of the calculation of needs for premixes and protein-vitamin supplements (PVS) in Ukraine, and in particular, in Odessa region, the average increase and volumes of compound feed consumption. The main purpose of the calculation is to determine the production potential of premixes and compound feeds in Ukraine and in the region, the cost of compound feeds in poultry farming using different types of premixes and PVS.According to the Main Department of Statistics in Odesa Oblast, the number of pigs has decreased over the past five years, and the number of poultry has increased by 7.3%.The calculation of the need for premixes and PVS is determined by the volume of feed production, the need for which depends on the number of livestock and poultry, data on their average growth and consumption of feed.The method of calculating the number of pigs and poultry (forecast) depending on the needs of the population in livestock food, as well as the results of the forecast of the number of pigs and chickens in Ukraine and Odessa region for 2020-2023, which amounted to 5702, 0 and 173.0 thousand goals, 224.8 and 3.3 million goals, respectively.The calculations taking into account the export-import potential of raw materials showed that in the Odessa region there is a shortage of capacity, namely: P mf forecast = 104819.6 thousand tons.  0, P mf forecast ≥ M year, ie 104819.6  9000.0 thousand tons, so in the Odessa region should provide a feed mill with a capacity of 15 thousand tons per shift in two shifts is appropriate and reasonable. The potential of production and sale of compound feeds in the Odessa region, which is up to 8500 thousand tons of feed, 85 thousand tons of premixes and 2430 thousand tons of PVS, calculated the main producers and consumers of feed products.The estimated economic efficiency of the use of feed enriched with complex premixes, as a result of which it is possible to reduce the cost of obtaining 10 eggs to 280 million UAH. per year, and in the fattening of suckling piglets - zeko-nomity in the production of pork up to 3.15 million UAH.
AUTOMATION OF TRACEABILITY PROCESS AT GRAIN TERMINAL LLC “ UKRTRANSAGRO"
(2017) F. A. TRISHYN
AWARENESS OF THE EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT OF CHIA SEEDS IS AN IMPORTANT STEP TO PRESERVING IT
(2020) L. Ovsiannykova, O. Sokolovskaya, L. Valevskaya, S. Orlova
The article presents the results of studies of hygroscopic properties of chia seeds, which is a relatively new culturefor the Ukrainian industry. Chia seeds are a product with a high nutrient content and rich in trace elements, vitamins andminerals that can be of great benefit to human health. Therefore, the main task of post-harvest technology is to bring it to a state that will ensure long-term storage of chia seeds without loss in weight and poor quality. An important influence on the condition of the grain mass during storage and, in particular, during the initial treatment has its hygroscopicity, ie the ability to sorption and desorption of water vapor. Knowledge about the hygroscopic properties of grain are of practical importance for the scientific substantiation of the choice of rational modes of active ventilation, drying. The main characteristic of hygroscopic properties of grain materials is equilibrium moisture, so its determination is an important step for maintaining the quality of grain. The equilibrium moisture of chia seeds has been determined for the first time. The studies were carried out by the generally accepted tensimetric method in the range of air temperatures in the range of 5... 25 °C and iota relative humidity of 33...70 %, which model the conditions of storage of seeds and corresponding to the long-term average data, correspond to the warm and cold seasons in Odessa region. The influence of relative humidity, air temperature and grain moisture on the equilibrium moisture of chia was investigated, numerical values of equilibrium moisture of chia seeds were determined according to environmental parameters: temperature 5, 15, 25 °C and relative humidity 33, 45 and 70 %.The nature of the change in the equilibrium moisture of chia seeds was determined depending on the temperature and relative humidity. With increasing relative humidity and decreasing ambient temperature, the equilibrium moisture of chia seeds increases. The empirical coefficients and the equation that describes the dependence of the equilibrium moisture of chia seeds on the parameters of ambient air - temperature and relative humidity at which its change can be predicted.The data obtained can be used to select drying and active ventilation modes, as well as storage conditions for chia.
BIOTESTING IN ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF GRAIN PRODUCTS
(2021) K. Kurnosova, G. Krusir, О. Zaderey, О. Rusanova, М. Mardar
The article discusses the issue of assessing the safety of food products that are traditional for the Ukrainian consumer (bakery products and wheat flakes). The relevance of the work is due to the fact that safety is an important indicator of consumer properties that all food products should have. The biological methods are widely used, including biosensor technologies and biotestingto assess the safety of food products. Biotesting is one of the research methods used to determine the degree of influence of chemicals potentially hazardous to living organisms by registering changes in biologically significant indicators (test functions) of research test objects with subsequent assessment of their condition in accordance with the selected toxicity criterion. The work assessesthe organoleptic indicators of the test samples. As a result, it was established that the samples fully comply with the requirements of the regulatory documentation, except for sample № 7 in which dampness and an off-taste are felt; this may indicate non-compliance with the storage or sale conditions. The safety of bakery products and wheat flakes was assessed using the Colpoda Steinii ciliate test object. It was established that the test samples did not contain toxic substances, and in the sample № 7 – wheat flakes purchased by weight on the market, the death of most of the Colpoda Steinii occurred within 10 minutes. This indicates its insignificant toxicity and the inadmissibility of further sale of such a product to the population. The second method was used to test the lethality of Daphnia Magna Straus (Crustacea).The results showed that in samples № 1 – 6 the number of dead Daphnia corresponds to the "non-toxic" indicator, but in sample No. 7 the number of dead Daphnia was 25%, which indicates the toxicity of this product. The third method was carried out according to the method based on the non-destructive biocrystallization method. It was established that samples 1 and 2 are characterized by the most symmetric biocrystallogram, which indicates their higher degree of organicity, which, in our opinion, is determined by a smaller share of external negative impact on the product and high-quality raw materials that were used in the production of these samples.
BLACK WHEAT BRAN AS A PROMISING SOURCE OF FOOD FIBRES WITH AN EXPANDED SPECTRUM OF FUNCTIONALITIES
(2021) N. Cherno, L. Gural, O. Naidonov
Modern requirements of nutritiology determine the enrichment of a person’s daily diet with food fibres. Dietary supplements and cereal-based ingredients are widely used to achieve this goal. Wheat as a food crop traditionally occupies a leading position in food production. Currently, new varieties of wheat with colored grains are being given increasing attention as a source of high-activity phytochemical compounds, which can initiate a positive synergistic physiological effect in the complex. The black-grain wheat of the domestic variety "Chornobrova" belongs to the functional species among the new valuable colored varieties of wheat. It contains an increased amount of biologically active components concentrated in the husk and germ of the grain. At grain processing plants by-products are formed in the production of flour and cereals, among which the hard shells of grain release in the form of bran, that have a rich source of dietary fibres. The paper describes the breaking bran and grinding bran of black-grained wheat "Chornobrova". They contain up to 78.0% of polysaccharides, among which hemicelluloses and cellulose predominate. Both types of black wheat bran are protein-rich (13.0-15.3%), and the crude fat content does not exceed 2.1%. The non-hydrolyzed residue, represented primarily by lignin, reaches 3.8%. Bran is rich in phenolic compounds – powerful antioxidants with the mass fraction 310.0 mg/100 g. Both types of bran have a water retention and sorption capacity towards toxicants (phenol, Pb2+), cholic acid, methylene blue. As a result of acid treatment of bran, dietary fibre concentrates were obtained, in which non-starch polysaccharides predominate. They are characterized by modified physicochemical properties, namely improved water holding capacity, sorption activity against Pb2+, not inferior to bran in terms of the ability to bind cholic acids and methylene blue. "Chornobrova" wheat bran and dietary fibre concentrates are highly active enterosorbents with antioxidant activity, which can be considered as dietary supplements and food ingredients that should be included in recipes in the development of new functional foods.
CHANGE OF STRESS CRACK IN CORN KERNEL DURING ITS PREPARATION FOR PROCESSING
(2020) R. Rybchynskyi
The article presents the results of the study of the influence of stress crack in corn kernel on the change of its mechanical properties, namely, on the strength of kernel and its ability to grind during the technological process of preparation for processing. The research was conducted at the Dnipro Food Concentrates Plant. It is established that percentage of damage, i.e. grain impurities and foreign material (impurities), when receiving grain at the production elevator is within the norms of State standards of Ukraine (DSTU 4525:2006) – up to 7 % and not more than 1.0 %, respectively. But in the process of grain transportation this index is increasing. The maximum level of grain impurities (9.1 %) in corn grain can be observed before its preliminary cleaning on the separator BSH-100, then this indicator decreases significantly to 1.8 % in the cleaned grain, but then increases again in the technological process. Moreover, before sending grain into the degerminator the level totals 4.8 % - almost as much as when receiving grain from vehicles. One can say the same regarding the level of foreign material. Its minimum amount in the grain after pre-cleaning (0.5 %), and the maximum – at the end of the cleaning stage (7.4 %), which is much more than when receiving grain. The increase in the amount of broken grain (including that relating to impurities) in the technological process is accompanied by higher number of stress cracks in the corn kernel. During receiving, the studied grain has already had a high stress crack – 68 %. At the same time, there was more corn kernel with one crack (41 %). After transportation by a belt conveyor and the main high-performance bucket elevator, although the total stress crack increased not significantly – up to 75 %, but there were changes in the number of cracks: the number of kernels with one crack decreased to 22 %, but the number of kernels with many (three or more) cracks increased from 8 to 33 %, respectively. During further transportation and processing of corn kernel, the stress crack increased to a maximum value of 78 % (before separation on SAD-10-01), and then decreased to 72 % in the grain entering the degerminator. It is established that the decrease in corn kernel strength is influenced by both the total stress crack and its nature, i.e. the number of stress cracks in each kernel. The maximum required force for the corn kernel damage was observed exactly for grain entering the intake pit – 3.6 kg / 50 kernels. Here you can find more corn kernels stressed by only one crack (single) – 41 % or without cracks – 32 %. And the minimum effort – 3,0 kg / 50 kernels - for cleaned grain after conveyor and elevator No. 1, where the share of kernels with multiple stress crack (3 or more cracks) totaled 43 % (only 22 % of kernels were without cracks). A high inverse correlation of -0.84 was established between the number of stressed kernels with three or more cracks and the effort to break corn kernel. Based on research, it is recommended to use the index of stress crack in corn kernel to assess its quality when accepted for further processing, as this indicator is directly related to the yield of finished products. Key
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THE NEW CITRUS POMACE FEED ADDITIVE
(2021) O. Karunskyi, G. I. Kotets, M. M. Madani
The materials of the article present data on research on the chemical, mineral-vitamin composition and nutritional value of a new feed additive from citrus pomace. The article presents the results of research on the technological line of granulation of citrus waste, established the optimal composition for granulation of citrus feed additives: sunflower meal - 20%, molasses - 5% and 75% of citrus fruits.Their chemical composition was studied, the gross content of proteins, fats, assimilated carbohydrates, including simple sugars, was determined, and the efficiency of use in the diets of farm animals was determined. The positive influence of citrus waste granulation technology has been established, which allows to obtain high-quality granules. Chemical analysis of citrus granules showed that 100 g contains: protein - 6.15 g, fat - 0.99 g, carbohydrates - 21.8 g, of which simple sugars 14 g, the energy value of this feed additive - Kcal (kJ) - 120.7 (505.7).The possibility of preparation of feed additives in the form of granules is revealed, which allows to avoid selfsorting of components and overdose of microelements and to improve the consumption of feed ingredients. The ability to prepare feed additives in the form of granules avoids self-sorting of components and overdose of micronutrients and improve the consumption of feed ingredients. The results of zootechnical researches, structure and nutritional value of average daily rations with use of citrus pomace are resulted.It was found that the introduction into the diet of dairy cows feed additives from citrus pomace during stable lactation increases the average daily expectations by 1.8 kg or 15.5%, feed costs for milk production containing 4 fat were 0.97-0, 98 feed units. When using a feed additive from citrus pomace, the nutritional value of the diet is improved due to the ratio of sugar - protein (0.62: 1 vs. 0.8: 1.2).
CHLORELLA SUSPENSION AND ITS USAGE IN FINISHING PIGS’ RATIONS
(2019) O. KARUNKYI, T. REZNIK, Ye KULIDZHANOV
The animal husbandry cannot develop successfully without complete balanced feed and optimal forage supply. This article deals with the chemical composition of chlorella suspension. The ration is balanced with seaweeds as well as premixes, vitamins and bio supplement for the last decades. These seaweeds include chlorella - a representative of green microscopic algae. The use of chlorella allows for multi-factor balancing of the diet in accordance with modern feeding standards, which increases the productive effect of feed and significantly increases the transformation of nutrients into livestock products. This is arelevant issue of modern animal husbandry. The chlorella suspension was material for scientific research. It was made on the farm “In Samvel”, Ovidiopol District. According to the result of researches that took place on the farm " In Samvel", Biliayevka District, Odessa Oblast and SERF "Yuzhnyi" OSAGES NAAS, new data concerning chemical composition, the positive influence of investigated chlorella suspension on the growth and development of finishing pigs as well as feed costs by 1 kg of growth were obtained. It has been established that the chemical composition of chlorella suspension takes a special place among all feed additives used in farm animals feeding. It has been established that the additional use of chlorella suspension in the ration of finishing pigs of Large White breeds contribute to the increase of average daily gains by 121.9% against the control group in which chlorella suspensions was not given. Feed conversion to obtain1 kg of pigs live weight gain in the control group was 5.1 kg, in the experimental group - 4.2 kg and feed conversion index in the experimental group was higher by 21.4%. Thus the results of researches indicate the positive effect of investigated chlorella suspension on the growth anddevelopment of finishing pigs. Due to the obtained results, we can state that the chemical composition of the suspension chlorella takes a special place among all feed additives used in farm animals feeding. Chlorella has higher indicators of chemical composition, the amount of protein, vitamins and minerals in comparison with plant fodder and crops of agricultural production.
CHLORELLA SUSPENSION IN PIGS’ RATIONS
(2021) O. Karunskyi, Т. Voroniuk, М. Madani
The article covers addition of chlorella suspension, its effect on nitrogen balance, digestibility of nutrients and amino acids, pig productivity. Various feed additives, micro-element mixtures, and vitamins are used in animal nutrition to deal with the deficiency ofcertain vitamins and mineral elements in the rations. The peculiarity of chlorella suspension as a feed additive is in the ability to cultivate it throughout the whole year and in the availability of optimized technologies for its cultivation and use. Chlorella suspension is rich in proteins, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids and fiber. Introduction of chlorella suspension into pigs’ diets has helped to increase the digestibility coefficients of both inessential (by 7.5 %) and essential (by 2 %) amino acids. Feeding the animals with chlorella suspension has also resulted in the release of nitrogen retained in animals’ bodies by 13 % compared to the control group. The additional use of chlorella suspension in the diet of fattening pigs (large white) was found to increase the average daily gain by 21.9% compared to the control group which did not receive chlorella suspension. The conversion of animal feed to obtain 1 kg of live weight gain in the control group was 5.1 kg, in the experimental group - 4.2 kg, and the conversion rate of feed in the experimental group was higher by 21.4 %.Feeding young pigs with chlorella suspension increases the digestibility of protein by 4.5 %, fiber by 2.0 %, fat - 0.7 %, essential amino acids - 81.6 %. The introduction of chlorella suspension to pig rations leads to an increase in the level of nitrogen in their body by 54.7 %of that taken with feed and 69.15 % of that digested in the body. Pork production profitably using chlorella suspension stood at 12.3 % , which is more by 87,8 % compared to the control group.
CLARIFICATION OF THE METHODS USED FOR CALCULATING POWER OF SIEVE SEPARATORS
(2019) L. S. SOLDATENKO, O. V. HORNISHNYI
Calculation of sieve separators power is usually done during their development. The goal of such calculations is to determine the power of driven electric motors. The imperfection of existing methods for calculating power of some types of sieve separators makes developers to use indicative methods to determine the gear power. For example, it is done using the method of specific energy consumption or the comparison method with parameters of similar equipment. These methods provide only indicative results, that is why the power of the installed electric motors sometimes even exceeds the needed one, so in such way it worsens technical and economic factors of the equipment. The methods for calculating power of flat-sieve separators moving progressive and invers or circular progressive have clearly determined sense and consider all energy consumptions of separators’ engine. The goal of the calculation of technological equipment and sieve separators in particular is to define the power of the electric motors. The imperfection of existing methods for calculating power leads to use in some machines of high power engines which selection is based on indicative calculations, for example, using a method of specific energy consumption or comparing with analogues. As the calculating methods depend on the law of working parts movement and their engine each example considered separately. In the calculation of the power of separators with flat sieve which are moving oscillatory the effective power required by the engine of sieve bodies equal to the sum of the average power required to drive the oscillatory moving mass; the average power that is needed for product overclocking; the average power required to overcome the friction force of the product in the sieve; the average power used to deform the suspension; the average power need to overcome the drag of the air environment. The current value of the power which is need to drive the oscillatory construction elements is determined considering the total value of oscillatory bodies mass; the weight and the amount of sieve bodies; the product weight on the bodies sieves; the weight of the oscillator; the frame weight. During a circular progressive movement of sieve bodies the power which is need to overclock the product mass on the sieve which are moving reciprocally is almost equal to zero, because the product is moving with stops during the all-time being on the sieve. This also refers to the movement of the product on the barrel sieves which are rotating, where parts change the direction of movement while they are slipping down and get accelerated again. The acceleration power in the separators with circled progressive motion of the sieves is equal to the kinetic energy of its circle oscillations. To provide the relative motion of the parts on the horizontal sieve surface which is making a circled progressive motion it is necessary that the difference between the centred inertial force and friction force to be more than zero.
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FEED FOR DECORATIVE AND SINGING BIRDS
(2023) T. Bordun, I. Cherneha, T. Pashchenko
In the developed countries of the world, animal business is one of the most profitable and promising branches of production.Pet business includes the totality and interaction between enterprises engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services for pets, and consumers of these goods and services. The structure of pet business is represented by pet products, services, and animals, and pet products, in turn, by feed, medicines, care products, and accessories. The global pet food market size was valued at USD 94.76 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4 % from 2022 to 2030. Increasing consumer awareness regarding natural and organic pet food products has forced the manufacturers to shift their focus from synthetic to natural products which has acted as one of the major forces impacting the global market. In Ukraine, in 2017–2021, the category «Animals – pets and feed for them» in the structure of retail turnover occupied a share of 0.3 – 0.5 %. The volume of retail turnover during this period increased 3.4 times, from UAH 1,612.5 million in 2017 to UAH 5,468.6 million in 2021. In Ukraine, goods are classified according to the classifications DC 016-2010 «State Classifier of Products and Services» and DC 021:2015 «Unified Procurement Dictionary», as well as the Ukrainian classification of goods of foreign economic activity, which is the commodity nomenclature of the Customs Tariff of Ukraine. According to the current classifiers, separate groups of goods directly related to goods for pets (dogs, cats, etc.) are provided only for feed and brushes for animal care. Yes, according to DK 016-2010, ready pet food has the code 10.92.10-00.00 and according to DK 021:2015 – 15713000-9 and does not have further details. Today, the owners of decorative and singing birds have a relatively wide range of ready-made feeds at their disposal. Analyzing the feed market for decorative and singing birds, we saw that a significant part of it is occupied by imported feeds, while the assortment of domestic feeds on the Ukrainian market is not large and does not always meet market requirements and cannot withstand competition. However, it is difficult to call the presented feeds complete, since they are mainly different types of feed mixtures, which include, depending on the price category, different types of components: starting with cereals and ending with various nuts, dried fruits, etc. Ready-made feeds in combination with a correctly selected feeding regime strengthen the health of birds, and also meet their expectations regarding taste qualities and the owner's expectations regarding the price and convenience of feeding. Careful observation of the appearance and behavior of birds allows you to establish the correct diet for your pet and determine his preferences for one or another type of feed. In order to understand the entire range of feeds offered on the market, it is necessary to study and systematize them. Based on the analysis of feeds presented on the market, we proposed a classification of feeds by types of poultry, purpose, price, form of release, physiological features and age, as well as by type of packaging. By bird species, feed is divided into three varieties: for singing birds, for decorative birds, and for parrots, which are a kind of hybrid of the first two species. For parrots, food can be distributed according to their size: for large, medium and small. According to their purpose, complete ration feeds and feed mixes, treats, and feeds fed for therapeutic purposes and for preventive purposes are distinguished. By price, fodder for decorative and singing birds is divided into three price categories: economy, business and premium classes. This is the formation of classes was developed based on the income of the population. Economy class includes consumers who can afford to buy food for their pets at a price of UAH 70 to 100 per kilogram, business class – UAH 101-250 /kg, premium class – consumers who can buy food for of their pets is higher than UAH 251 /kg. According to the form of release, there are molded fodder and loose fodder mixes. Formed – represented by a small amount of granulated and partially extruded feed. According to the physiological characteristics, feed can be divided into feed for the pre-nesting period, during the molting period, for birds, for adult birds at rest and for females during the feeding period. The type of fodder packaging is also of great importance: natural (cardboard), polymer and combined (based on cardboard and polyethylene).
COMPARISON OF ALVEOGRAPH CHARACTERISTIC OF FLOUR OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMON WHEAT AND SPELT WHEAT
(2020) D. Zhygunov, I. Toporash, Y. Barkovska, Y. Yehorshyn
Practice of processing of new types of wheat is widespread in the world, but it’s almost unknown in the CIS countries, because selection for many years aimed at obtaining exclusively high protein bread-baking varieties of wheat. But not known what technological properties of flour possesses from wheat types of a special intended purpose, and that it’s necessary to consider when conducting varietal grinding of such raw material. The alveograph measures the viscoelastic properties of wheat flour. According to the standard method ISO 27971 the amount of added water is initially calibrated directly as a percentage of dough moisture. This method is designed for standard types of flour and may not be suitable for evaluating the rheological properties of flour with different water absorption capacity. To find out the properties of new types, standard methods may not be suitable, therefore, methods should be studied and adapted if necessary. To investigate the relationship between water absorption capacity and viscoelastic properties of the dough, alveograph tests were conducted on eight flour samples obtained from different types of wheat. The studies were performed using a standard test (calculated for WAC of flour = 53%) and a test with adaptive moistening, for which the amount of added water was calculated according to the water absorption capacity (WAC) of the flour, which was determined on mixolab. Flour from common red wheat (Kuyalnik) is the benchmark of common bakery wheat and according to the results of standard alveogram has the highest strength (W) and elasticity (Ie) of all samples. The wheat with W= 43910-4J corresponds to strong wheat (W>20010-4J). The addition of water in accordance with the WAC softens the dough W=26010-4J, but it`s still optimal for bakery purposes. The results of studies of common black wheat (Chornobrova) correlate with the results of wheat Kuyalnik, but the baking properties were worse. For waxy wheat (Sofiika), the test on the alveograph with adaptive moistening gave her more water, which led to an increase in elasticity (Ie=52.4%) and extensibility (L=77 mm) and became closer to an optimal P/L ratio (0.74) that was more suitable for the bake bread (0.8-1.2). Flour from soft wheat is expected to have average baking properties (W>15510-4J), but in all respects it is slightly better than Chornobrova. Adaptive moistening, unlike the sharp deterioration of rheological characteristic of Chornobrova, does not alter the properties of the Belyava and Oksana dough, due to the low WAC value (53.8% and 54.0%). Spelt wheat flour has low strength(W<6210-4J), lower P/L ratio 0.25-0.50 and unsuitable (fluid, sticky) test consistency. All samples of Spelt with adaptive moistening showed similar result – its decrease of P indicator and increase of extensibility (L). In a result we observe decrease of P/L ratio to 0.18-0.29, thus indicating extremely extensible doughs with very little elasticity. For all samples, with adaptive moistening a decrease in resistance to extension (P) and an increase in extensibility (L) are observed, in a result of the decline in the P/L ratio. Adaptive moistening for common wheat (Kuyalnik) will show the change in P and L and the P/L ratio in real cooking conditions, since the standard alveograph test assesses only the potential of wheat. By adjusting the amount of water, we can achieve optimal dough characteristics for different products. For soft and spelt wheat, adaptive moistening is not necessary, because the WAC and moisture content are the same, and according to the standard of the experiment. It is advisable to carry out an alveograph test with adapted moistening for waxy wheat, that giving it more water, which leads to an increase in elasticity and extensibility, as a consequence, and leading to an optimal P/L ratio that was more suitable for the bake bread (0.8-1.2). Based on its special application, it is necessary to develop specific recommendations for determining its properties on the alveograph.

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